Molecules of life

Water, inorganic ions and a large array of relatively small organic molecules (e.g. sugars, vitamins, fatty acids) account for 75−80 percent of living matter by weight. 

Of these small molecules, water is by far the most abundant. Each type of small molecule has unique properties arising from the orderly arrangement of its atoms. Small organic molecules are joined inside cells, forming larger molecules called macromolecules.

The four main classes of large biological molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. 20−25 percent of living matter consists of macromolecules, including proteins, polysaccharides and DNA.

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Multimedia - Today’s most important digital requirement

It is a field concerned with the computer controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images, etc., where information can be represented stored, transmitted and processed digitally.

There are basically two types of multimedia categories. Linear and non–linear. The linear multimedia is where the users or the viewers cannot interact with the media such as a movie. The non–linear multimedia involves interactivity such as computer games, computer based training.

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How does a Modem work?

Screeching sounds are produced from the modem while it makes its first connection. The digital signals coming from the computer to which we are connecting being are modulated into these audible sounds. The modem sends a higher–pitched tone to represent the digit 1 and a lower–pitched tone to represent the digit 0.

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What is a Modem?

If you are reading this article on your computer at home, it probably arrived via modem. Modem is actually one of the most important hardware devices used in the computer especially for the purpose of networking of the internet.

A Modem is nothing but a device which can Modulate a analog signal to encode digital information and De–modulate the carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. A modem allows a computer or fax to send and receive information along telephone lines. "Modem" stands for modulator–demodulator.

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How do mobile phones work?

Mobile phones today are an absolute necessity. This was unthinkable a few years ago, when it was treated as a luxury item. Mobile phones have come a long especially in the technological and usability aspects. Today, the mobile phone itself has become a fashion object, with people decorating, customizing, and accessorizing their mobile phones.

They have a low–power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, usually 5 to 8 miles (approximately 8 to 13 kilometers) away. When one moves from one cell to another cell, switching takes place, and the tower in the newer cell will help them to continue talking.

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Respiratory System

Lungs are located within our chest cavity inside the rib cage and are made of spongy, elastic tissue that stretches and constricts as we breathe. The airways that bring air into the lungs (the trachea and bronchi) are made of smooth muscle and cartilage, allowing the airways to constrict and expand. The lungs and airways bring in fresh, oxygen – enriched air and get rid of waste carbon dioxide made by your cells.
They also help in regulating the concentration of hydrogen ion (pH) in blood. 

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Human lungs

When we contemplate the miraculous engineering of the human lungs, we will be speechless with its incredible feats. If you had been unable to breathe for a minute, you would have given up all you owned in order to be able to breathe again. In another minute or so you would have lost consciousness. Brain death would follow in another two or three minutes, and your life would be at an end.

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Types of lightning

1. Intra cloud Lightning
2. Cloud to cloud (or) Inter Cloud Lightning
3. Cloud to Ground Lightning
4. Cloud to air lightning
4. Anvil lightning
5. Ball lightning

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What is Lightning farm?

It is said that the a single thunder eventually has the capacity to power up a huge city like Washington DC for 30 days with out any interruption. That's how the idea to store this power has emerged and led to the build of lightning farms which could store the power of a thunder. This is the one of the most awaited areas of research where technology must assist science in achieving the goal to power up a huge city with a thunder.

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What makes lightning flash?

Lightning is a not only one of the most beautiful displays in nature but also one of the most deadly natural phenomena known to us. Lightning is a flash of light in the sky, occurring during a thunderstorm and caused by a discharge of electricity, either between clouds or between a cloud and the earth.

Lightning flashes produce 100 million volts of static electricity. Water and ice particles inside thunder clouds collide and become charged with static electricity.

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Laser Light Show

A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the use of laser light to entertain audience. A laser light show may consist only of projected laser beams set to music, or may accompany another form of entertainment, typically a rock concert or other musical performance.

Laser light is useful in entertainment because the coherent nature of laser light causes a narrow beam to be produced, which allows the use of optical scanning to draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance, as is common with video projection.

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Kidneys – Body's immaculate creation

"Can you imagine the filter that could be used in a process for more than 70 years without ever being replaced or cleaned" The paired organs known as the kidneys serve as a purification plant with which no technology can possibly compete. This extraordinarily detailed and flawless system represents the artistry of human intricate body systems.

Just like factories that discharge poisonous wastes into rivers, cells release the waste byproducts they create into the blood plasma. This means the human bloodstream has been polluted by the waste products from 100 trillion cells–pollution that represents a danger to life, unless the polluted blood is cleaned constantly. The kidney is an amazing filtration device in that they can be used continuously for the
duration of a human life without becoming clogged.

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Why does most ″part of the Ice bergs″ are found beneath the ocean's surface?

Let us seek the concept of density to answer this question. The densities of ice and sea water are so close in value. Remember that the density of ice is 0.92 g/mL, and the density of water is 1.0 g/mL (1.03 for salt water). This means that ice has nine–tenths, or 90 percent of water's density roughly and hence 90% of the iceberg is below the water's surface.

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How do Icebergs float?

In fact, an iceberg is nothing but a giant ice cube. When you throw an ice cube in a glass of water, it will float. Floating has nothing to do with size but all with weight. So the floating of an ice cube is just the same as floating of an iceberg. 

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What gives Icebergs their Colors?

An iceberg can be many different colors, although most are blue.Once an iceberg has melted and refrozen several times, it will turn white because it has air trapped inside. Some icebergs in Antarctica are green because the ice shelves they come from have seawater frozen inside that contains yellow, brown and green colors. When the blue iceberg melts and exposes the yellowish organic matter, the iceberg sometimes looks green.

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What are Icebergs?

Ice bergs are the ones which are the solid forms of fresh water floating freely in open water. These are formed on the oceans like Arctic, North Atlantic, and Southern Oceans. Icebergs float in salt water. The size of icebergs varies widely.

There can be Small bergs which are known as “growlers”. Also there are slightly larger bergs which are known as “bergy bits.” The tallest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was 550 feet (168 m) above sea level. The bulk of an iceberg is below the water and the entire berg was estimated to be as tall as a 55–story building.

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Is the internet and WWW (World Wide Web) are the same?

People commonly use the words "Internet" and "Web" interchangeably. This usage is technically incorrect. It is common in daily conversation to abbreviate them as the "Net" and the "Web", and then swap the words interchangeably. But to be technically precise, the Net is the restaurant, and the Web is the most popular dish on the menu.

WWW(World Wide Web) is a way of accessing the information over the internet. It is nothing but a model that was built to share the information on top of the internet. The internet is a huge network of networks containing millions of computers connected together in which the communication done between any two computers as long as they both are connected to the internet.

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What is Internet?

Vinton Cerf, a famous American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", says about the Internet, “The Internet is based on a layered, end-to-end model that allows people at each level of the network to innovate free of any central control. By placing intelligence at the edges rather than control in the middle of the network, the Internet has created a platform for innovation”.

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How does life take shape?

Life..... the very thought of it evokes curiosity, astonishment and many questions that cross our mind.. What is Life? How life came into being amidst turbulent and hostile conditions prevailing at that time on the earth?

Is life so adamant and at the same time resilient to face harshest of harsh conditions and yet survive to flourish into multitude of diverse organisms and creatures? Who could have thought of life germinated in such harsh conditions would take a pleasant shape in the form of flowers and trees providing a visual treat to the eyes and How life evolved from a single celled organism to the most advanced level of
intelligence that is manifested in humans?

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What is life?

There is no universal definition of life and there are a variety of definitions proposed by different scientists. Life is a condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, which is manifested by growth, reproduction and the power of adaptation to the environment. Properties common to a diverse array of living organisms such as fungi, protists, archea, bacteria, plants and animals include a cell structure with heritable information. They undergo metabolism, posses a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and through natural selection adapt to the environment, in successive generations.

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How holograms works?

Though holography is often referred to as 3D photography, this is a misconception. A better analogy is sound recording where the sound field is encoded in such a way that it can later be reproduced. In holography, some of the light scattered from an object or a set of objects falls in the recording medium. A second light beam, known as the reference beam, also illuminates the recording medium, so that interference
occurs between the two beams.

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Types of holograms?

Several types of holograms can be made. Transmission holograms, such as those produced by Leith and Upatnieks, are viewed by shining laser light through them and looking at the reconstructed image from the side of the hologram opposite the source. A later refinement, the “rainbow transmission” hologram allows more convenient illumination by white light rather than by lasers or other monochromatic sources. Rainbow holograms are commonly seen today on credit cards as a security feature and on product packaging.

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What is Holography?

Holography (meaning writing or drawing in Greek) is the science of producing holograms. It is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was when recorded. The image produced changes as the position and orientation of the viewing system changes in exactly the same way as if the object were still present. Holograms can also be made using other types of waves.

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The Pulse

The easiest way to know the working of the heart is through the pulse. We can find our pulse by lightly pressing on the wrist, just below the thumb. The pulse (beat) is caused by the contraction (squeezing) of the heart.

We can measure the heart rate by counting number of beats we can feel in 1 minute. When we are resting, pulse rate could vary between 70 and 100 beats per minute. When the heart muscle contracts (systole), it pumps blood out of the heart.

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Understanding blood pressure

The force which the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is called blood pressure. As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, which carry blood to every part of the body. Diastolic  pressure is the pressure that is exerted on the walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed. Systolic pressure measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on arteries and vessels while the heart is beating.

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Arteries and Veins

Blood moves through many tubes called arteries and veins, which together are called blood vessels. These blood vessels are attached to the heart. The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries. The ones that carry blood back to the heart are called veins.

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What are Valves?

Valves regulate the flow of blood in a singular direction. Each chamber has a sort of one – way valve at its exit that prevents blood from flowing backwards. When each chamber contracts, the valve at its exit opens. When it is finished contracting, the valve closes so that blood does not flow backwards.

There are four valves in the heart as follows:
1. The tricuspid valve
2. The pulmonary valve
3. The mitral valve
4. The aortic valve

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It's amazing what the human heart can do!

The movement of the blood through the heart and around the body is called circulation and the heart takes less than 60 seconds to pump blood to every cell in your body. Blood delivers oxygen to all the body‘s cells and without oxygen these cells would die. The heart is sort of a double pump, which circulates blood around the body to provide the oxygen and nutrients the body needs, while carrying away the waste. The left side of the heart receives oxygen – rich blood from the lungs and pumps it out to every part of the body.

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Human Heart

Heart is located, right in the center between the two lungs and above the diaphragm and is made of a unique cardiac muscle. The narrow end of the roughly triangular heart is pointed to the left side and during working, the contraction of the heart is most powerful at this end giving a feeling of the heart being on the left side.

The heart, which is about the size of your fist – 12 cm in length and 9 cm in width, is an incredibly efficient organ that works constantly without ever pausing to rest.

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Is the gravity same at every place on the Earth?

Gravity is more at the equator and its less at poles because, the diameter of the Earth is more at the equator than at the poles. At the equator, the distance to the center is less and hence the gravity at equator is more. Similarly, the distance between the center of the Earth and the poles is more and hence the gravitational force is less.

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What are the effects of gravity on human body ?

Human body is effected by the Gravity all the time. Gravitational force never gives up while pulling towards it. It doesn't discriminate between young and old. There are several parts of thebody that are effected due to the gravitational force:

1. Spine: A noticeable effect of gravity on the body can be observed as the spinal chord gets compressed. The spine contains sponge like discs which are pulled downwards due to the gravity and hence the discs lose moisture resulting in the person's height loss.

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What is the reason behind the Earth's rotation around the Sun?

Earth is bigger than the Moon. Earth's gravity pulls on the Moon. That is why the Moon orbits, or goes around, Earth. The SUN is bigger than Earth. Its gravity makes Earth go around the Sun. On a larger scale, gravity arranges cosmic bodies into orbits and even causes drifting space particles to pull together slowly into larger and larger clumps that eventually become planets, stars and galaxies.

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What is Gravity?

Gravity holds your feet down to the ground because the mass of the planet Earth exerts a gravitational pull on the mass of your body. Gravity is the pulling force that holds us all down onto the Earth's surface. In fact, everything has a gravitational pull towards everything else; even two people attract each other. 

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What is Global Warming?

It is the average rise in temperature of the oceans, surface and the atmosphere of the Earth. Past three decades, the mean surface temperature of the Earth was increased about 0.8°C (1.4° F). Scientists estimated that 90% of the effect is due to green house gases produced as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

The climate changes usually vary from place to place around the globe. The Modern Theories predict that the global temperature increase in the past 130 years is abnormal.

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What is Geothermal Power?

Geothermal Literally means ‘Earth's heat’.The word geothermal comes from the Greek words "geo," meaning earth and "therme," meaning heat. Geothermal heat is generated from within the earth's core, some 4,000 miles below the surface.

The heat is produced mainly by the slow decay of radioactive materials such as uranium and potassium found in the various materials that make up the earth's interior. The amount of heat within 10,000 meters (about 33,000 feet) of Earth's surface contains 50,000 times more energy than all the oil and natural gas resources in the world.

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All about Human Genome

Every organism, including humans, has a genome that contains all of the biological information needed to build and maintain a living example of that organism. The traits such as brown, blue or gray eyes; black, brown or blond hair are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete heritable units called "genes" which can be sorted and passed along, generation after generation, in undiluted form.

The biological information contained in a genome is encoded in its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and is divided into discrete units called genes. You can visualize the DNA through the following diagram.

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What is meant by Geomagnetic storm?

Geomagnetic storm also known as Solar storm (or) simply magnetic storm is nothing but the disturbance in the Earth's upper atmosphere due to large eruptions from the Sun's Corona. These eruptions consists of protons and electrons with few thousands of electron volts known as Plasma.

The speed of the plasma as it moves between the planets would range from 10 to 2000 km/s. This plasma would reach the Earth's surface 21 hours after its eruption. The pressure of the plasma is transmitted to the outer edge of the Earth's magnetosphere, hence it causes a drastic increase in the geomagnetic field over the entire Globe.

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How is gene expression regulated?

The genome of a given organism contains thousands of genes, but not all these genes need to be active at any given moment. A gene is "expressed" when it is being transcribed into mRNA (and translated into protein), and there exist many cellular methods of controlling the expression of genes such that proteins are produced only when needed by the cell. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to the start of genes, either promoting or inhibiting the transcription of the gene.

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What are Fuel Cells?

The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. Understanding the principle, the first fuel cell was developed by Welsh scientist Sir William Grove. In 1959 that British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell. Parallely, a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 kW fuel cell tractor for Allis–Chalmers that was demonstrated across the US at state fairs.

Fuel cells could be the next generation energy–saving technology to generate electrical power for our homes and cars. The biggest advantage of fuel cell is that it makes power more efficiently and with less pollution. A fuel cell typically converts the chemical energy of its fuel into electricity with an efficiency of about 50%.

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Why birds fly in a V-formation?

The large groups of birds are particularly common in late autumn and early winter when birds migrate from their summer habitat in Canada to the warmer climate of the southern United States. Such groups of birds will typically fly in a large “V” shape with one bird in the lead and others trailing behind in two lines.

Scientists who have studied formation flight believe that birds fly in this way for two reasons.

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What are fiber optics?

If you hear very clear voice over your telephone or see clear pictures, it is not just due to the quality telephone or televisions alone. The crystal clear sounds and images are due to the optical fibers that carry the information through light.

Fiber optics or optical fibers (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.

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How and When Earth was born?

As the Scientists have no concrete proof for how exactly Earth was formed, but they strongly think that it was a swirl of gas and dust some 4.6 billion years ago spreading around 15 billion miles in space.

Astrologers and scientists believe that all the particles of dust and gas began to aggregate and started to form molecules and particles. 99.9 % of it was used up in forming the Sun.

The remaining 0.1% started to form large chunks of matter due to electrostatic forces. These chunks of matter combined on further collisions and grew large to form planets, satellites, asteroids, etc. This took 200 million years.

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What is there inside the Earth?

Many Scientists came up with their own theories till the time when Newton proposed that Earth's interior is made up of much denser material. The Density of the inner Earth is twice as that of the rocks on the surface of the Earth. This density reveals the cause for the formation of different layers inside the Earth.

The interior of the Earth is like a layered onion, with three main shells namely, Crust, Mantle and Core. Each layer is further divided in to two parts. The two parts of crust are namely, Oceanic crust and continental crust. Similarly the two parts of mantle are named as Upper Mantle and Lower Mantle. Finally the two parts of the Core are named as Upper Core and Lower Core.

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How come Earth is the only planet that supports life?

The only planet that supports life (as per the present knowledge of humans) is the Earth. The life supporting zone of the Earth is very small compared to the vast Universe. It is from the bottom of the ocean bed to the top of the highest mountain. Less than 0.5% is of the space available for human habituation, as we can’t like under extreme hot or cold conditions.

We humans live on just 12% of the total land area and only 4% of the whole surface area, but still Earth is the only planet that can sustain life in the entire solar system. Scientists discovered 70 planets beyond the solar system, but the expected number is around ten billion trillion.

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What is E–Learning?

E–learning is an basically a term generally used to refer to computer–enhanced learning, although it is often extended to include the use of mobile technologies such as Personal Digital Assistants and MP3 players. 

It may include the use of web–based teaching materials and hypermedia in general, multimedia CD–ROMs or web sites, discussion boards, collaborative software, e–mail, blogs, wikis, text chat, computer aided assessment, educational animation, simulations, games, learning management software, electronic voting systems and more, with possibly a combination of different methods being used.

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The Mystery of Dolphins?

One of the most commonly asked questions at Dolphin encounters is: How do you train the dolphins? In technical terms, we can train animals with a system of positive reinforcement through operant conditioning (Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology). In simpler terms, we can break down the steps of each behavior and train them one at a time. Trainers teach each step by having the dolphin follow an object we call a target.

Some animals are born with instinctive behaviors that help them survive. Play is an important aspect of learning new behaviors. For example, some animals learn hunting or defensive behaviors through play with siblings. Even in humans, play is an important aspect of learning. And dolphin's are no exception

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What are Dwarf Planets?

Dwarf planets are the ones which are very small to be considered as planets. Recently there was lot of discussion on the planet Pluto, for assigning a status of a dwarf planet.

The ninth planet of the solar system, Pluto, was classified as "dwarf planet" along with four other bodies (Eris, Ceres, Make‐make and Haumea) which are smaller than the Earth's moon. This Pluto is the second largest Dwarf Planet. Volume of Pluto is one‐third of the volume of the Earth's moon and its mass is only one‐sixth when compared to the Earth's moon. The radio waves traveling with the speed of light could take approximately 4 hours to reach the Pluto when sent from Earth and it would take the same time to reach back.

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Differences between DNA and RNA?

One of the most frequently asked questions about nucleic acids is: What is the main difference between DNA and RNA and chemically how they both differ from each other? Nucleic Acids are the organic compounds found in the chromosomes of living cells and in viruses. These are mainly two types of nucleic acids, which differ slightly in their chemical composition.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) ordinarily occurs only in the cell nucleus, which have nucleotides A, T, G, C, whereas in Ribonucleic acid (abbreviated RNA) is found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm and consists of A, U, G, C nucleotides. (where Thymine is replaced by Uracil in RNA). Thus, DNA and its chemical cousin RNA are unique in their ability to encode information and to pass it on through heredity.

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