How do submarines maintain required temperature?

The members of the crew must stay warm for their survival inside the submarines. Extended exposure to the chill temperatures beneath the oceans will take away the heat present in the body. Proper insulation inside the vehicle and temperature monitoring is the most important in any marine vehicle.


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How water is supplied inside the submarine?

Using the process of distillation sea water can be converted in to fresh water. This water is mainly used as a coolant in the nuclear power plant which is powers the submarine. Almost 40,000 gallons of fresh water will be used as a coolant in one day.

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How air is supplied inside the submarine?

An oxygen generator which works on the process of electrolysis is . It can be made to release only when the gas sensor detects low level of oxygen. The difficult aspect is to remove the carbon dioxide from the submarine.

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How do submarines navigate?

The submarines navigate using GPS(Global Positioning System) while it resides on the surface. The same will not work when it is under waters. Therefore the submarines use Gyroscopes to keep track of the motion from a fixed starting point. Although they are not easy to use but they can give accurate results at times.

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How can an object float in water?

When an object is placed in water, there are two primary forces acting on it. The force of gravity yields a downward force and a buoyancy forceyields an upward force. The gravitational force is determined by the object's weight, and the buoyancy force is determined by the weight of the water displaced by the object when it is placed in water (Archimedes' Principle).

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What is the Fuel used for Submarines?

In the beginning the submarines used to work with the diesel power, later many disadvantages were identified during its usage. For Example, the exhaust of the gases was a big problem when the machine is under waters. The oxygen present in the cabin of the submarine used to be filled up with these exhaust gases making the people to suffocate and finally leading to death.

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What is a Submarine?

An independent Autonomous body that can float (or) sink on ocean waters as per the condition. Usually submarines are used to attack the enemy ships and other illegal navigation activities of the enemies that take place through oceanic waters.

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What are Stem Cells?

Stem cells are the primary cells in human body and animals that have the ability to divide and differentiate into other types of cells. Research by Canadian scientists Ernest A.McCulloch and James E.Till in the 1960's started interest in Stem cells worldwide due to some discoveries that they made.

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What is the difference between a space craft and a space shuttle?

The difference between the space craft and the space shuttle is that in a space craft only one satellite is sent, the space shuttle could carry two to three satellites in one take‐off. Also a spacecraft is a general name for a vehicle that can be launched into space.

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What is the fuel used in a space shuttle?

There are three types of fuels used in space shuttles to reach the orbit, described as follows:

A solid propellant is used inside a Solid Rocket Booster which gives power for the shuttle to move to its orbit.

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What could be the temperature of a Space shuttle ?

The space shuttle is covered with special tiles to protect it from the intense heat when it re‐enters the Earth's atmosphere. The tiles are so safe that if exposed to temperatures of up to 2,300°F, a human could hold them in their bare hand without injury! The tiles can last for up to 100 missions. Without these tiles, the space shuttle would burn to a crisp, killing all the astronauts inside.

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Space shuttles launched till now?

The first Space Shuttle, name Columbia, took off into space on April 12, 1981. Later, four space shuttles are launched –Columbia 1981), Discovery (1983), Atlantis (1985), Challenger STS‐51L(1986), Discovery STS 26 (1988), Discovery STS‐31(1990), Endeavor (1991), which replaced Challenger.

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What is a space shuttle?

A space shuttle is nothing but a space craft which has been designed to transport people from Earth to a place around the Earth. The Space Shuttle can take satellites into space, and it can also bring them back to Earth for repair. Space travel was no longer limited to trained astronauts. Space Shuttle passengers can now include scientists, doctors and other people needed to conduct experiments in space.

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What are the solar Space probes missions sent till date?

Many Space probes were launched to study the space till date, but the first space probe was launched in the year 1974 named Helios. The Ulysses space probe was the first probe to observe the Sun from an orbit over the Sun's poles in the year 1994, this was launched in the year 1990.

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Which is the first space probe sent from the Earth?

The first Space probe Ever launched is Voyager 1, which is now the farthest man made object from the Earth. It was launched on September 5th, 1977 and at that time it was designed to live for only 5 years.

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Which countries have launched the space probes?

The space agencies of the USSR (now Russia and Ukraine), the United States, the European Union, Japan, China and India have launched probes to several planets and moons of the solar system as well as to a number of asteroids and comets.

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What are the types of Space probes?

Fly–by probes, orbiters, atmospheric probes, landers, and rovers are the five basic types of space probes sent to examine planets and other bodies in the solar system: A fly–by probe makes its observations as it passes a celestial body from a distance.

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How the communication happens between a space probe and the Earth?

Instruments carried by space probes include radiometers, magnetometers, and television cameras sensitive to infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light;there also may be special detectors for micro‐meteors, cosmic rays, gamma rays, and solar wind.

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What can a space probe do to carry out its mission?

Probes can explore space in many ways like observing the changes in temperature, radiation, and objects in space. A probe has got the ability to observe its nearby objects.

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What are Space Probes?

A space probe is an un-piloted, unmanned device sent to explore space and gather scientific information. Space probes have visited the Moon, asteroids, comets, and every planet in the solar system except Pluto.

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GPS for Aircraft Navigation

Our ancestors had to go to pretty extreme measures to keep from getting lost. They erected monumental landmarks, laboriously drafted detailed maps and learned to read the stars in the night sky. Things are much, much easier today. You can get a pocket-sized gadget that will tell you exactly where you are on Earth at any moment. As long as you have a GPS receiver and a clear view of the sky, you'll never be lost again.

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Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)

The Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System, known as ACARS, is the air-to-ground digital data linked communication service to communicate with air traffic control, national aviation authorities and their own operations centers. At first ACARS relied exclusively on VHF (Very High Frequency) channels but more recently, data transmission have been added which have greatly enhanced its geographical coverage.

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How does an Air traffic control work (ATC)?

Radar began to be widely adopted by air traffic controllers (ATC) in the 1950s and is still the mainstay of most ATC systems around the world today. The standard international practice is to monitor airspace using two radar systems: primary and secondary.

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How does an aircraft radar work and what is its importance?

Radar (an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging) is a device that is used extensively on aircraft. It works on echo principle. Just like other radar systems, aircraft radar also contains high frequency radio waves that are transmitted for a short time phase during which the waves reach the highest altitude. When any kind of solid obstruction comes in the path of the transmitted waves, it strikes the object and gets reflected back to the radar, helping the object's detection along with its exact distance from the radar.

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How does a Turbojet Engine work?

Jet engines move the aircraft forward with a great force that is produced by a tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast. Aircrafts are propelled by accelerating a fluid in the opposite direction to motion. Generally a propeller-driven engine accomplishes this by slightly accelerating a large mass of fluid, but jet engines accomplishes this by greatly accelerating a small mass of fluid.

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Aircraft Engines

To move an aircraft through the air, we have to use some kind of propulsion system to generate thrust. Aircraft powered by piston engines get virtually all of their thrust from the propeller driven by the engine. This type of engine mixes fuel with air and burns the fuel to release the energy. The resulting heated gas moves a piston, which is attached to a crankshaft.

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How does an airplane take off, rise to a higher altitude, turn in the air or land on the ground?

Drag, Lift and Speed of the aircraft depend on the Angle of attack to a certain extent. Angle of attack is the angle at which relative wind meets an airfoil. It changes with the direction of the aircraft. The increase in angle of attack increases lift up to a point, beyond which it results in a loss of lift and can cause an aircraft to stall and this angle is known as stall angle. The airspeed at which the aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft. 

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How Airplanes Fly?

We as humans were always curious to know how the birds could fly, wondering if we too could fly. We could build machines that can fly through the air after carefully studying birds. At any given moment, roughly 5,000 planes are in the skies above the United States and in one year controllers handle an average of 64 million takeoffs and landings!

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Thin film Solar Cells

A solar cell that is thin and flexible, which is also known as the Thin Film Photo Voltaic cell (TFPV) has a thickness that would range from nanometers to micrometers. A thin film and flexible solar panel can be manufactured by depositing one or more layers of Photovoltaic semi conductor material on a flexible substrate.

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What are SPV (Solar Photo Voltaic) cells?

Solar Cells (Photo voltaic cells) can convert sunlight directly in to Electricity. The Solar Photovoltaic panels (SPV) constitute a reliable, industrially matured, green technology for the exploitation of solar energy. The SPV panels operate autonomous without any noise generation as they do not incorporate any moving mechanical parts unlike wind turbines.

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Concentrated solar power (CSP)

The CSP systems concentrate a large area of sunlight in to a small area using lenses. Due to this huge amount of power in a small area large amount of heat could develop and can be used to rotate the steam turbines of a heat engine. Hence we can get electricity from the rotating turbines.

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What is Solar Energy ?

The Solar energy is the energy from the sun which is considered as an environment friendly, non–conventional source of energy. Solar energy is non – polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.

The energy that reaches the Earth in the form of sunlight is immense – more than 12,000 times greater than the world's fuel consumption.

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Six amazing numbers – Shape the Universe

Martin Rees in his book “Just Six Numbers“ says that things would not be as they are even if there is very slight change in the value of these six numbers. Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, is a British cosmologist, astrophysicist, a member of the House of Lords, a master of Trinity College Cambridge and a former president of the Royal Society.

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How come dinosaurs become extinct and many more...........

The last dinosaurs died approximately 65 million years ago. Dinosaur extinction theories have been the subject of much debate and controversy. A recent explanation, supported by many scientists, suggests that a big meteorite crashed into Earth, changing the climatic conditions so dramatically that dinosaurs could not survive, ash and gas spewing from volcanoes suffocated many of the dinosaurs, diseases wiped out entire populations of dinosaurs, food chain imbalances lead to the starvation of the dinosaurs. Now we'll introduce just a few of the popular theories dealing with the extinction of species and evolution of species. Come let's explore evolution– the most exciting era.

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Red yeast rice

Red yeast rice results from fermenting regular rice with a fungus Monascus purpureus. The fungus partially digests the rice starch granules and produces naturally occurring statins, i.e., substances known to inhibit the production of cholesterol in humans. The fungus produces Monacolin K, also known as mevinolin, which is the same active statin as the drug Lovostatin (drug class of statins, used in combination with diet, weight – loss, and exercise for lowering cholesterol ). Let's learn more about yeast and fungi.

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Biofuel from bacteria

Biofuel Bacteria Streptomyces is genetically modified to produce cellulase. This is the enzyme that breaks down cellulose (the primary structural material in plants). Bacteria that can produce cellulase, or similar enzymes, are able to ferment plant cellulose to produce ethanol for use as a fuel. Ethanol is added to petrol to improve vehicle performance and reduce air pollution. Fuels produced by biological means (biofuels) are renewable, unlike fossil fuels. In this topic, you will learn more about bacteria and other unicellular eukaryotes.

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World's largest bloom

Several species of Rafflesia grow in the forests of southeast Asia, including the Philippines. The flower of Rafflesia arnoldii is the largest which attains a diameter of nearly one meter (3 ft) and can weigh up to 11 kilograms (24 lb). This parasitic plant develops the world's largest bloom. It smells bad and has a hole in the center that holds six or seven quarts of water. The plant has no leaves, stems, or roots and grows on forest floors. Learn more about flowers and leaves.

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Why day and night are not of equal duration?

The day and night are not of equal length exactly at the time of the March and September equinoxes (also known as spring and autumnal equinoxes respectively). The dates on which day and night are each 12 hours occur only for a few days before and after the equinoxes. The specific dates for this occurrence are different for different latitudes.

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Have you ever wondered why the Earth is tilted ?

Have you ever wondered why the Earth is tilted instead of just perpendicular with its plane of orbit? As the history goes, the theorists believe that Earth after its formation some billion years ago, something very big hit the young Earth to knock it off. So it is believed that instead of rotating with its axis perpendicular to its orbital plane, Earth was tilted 23.45 degrees from

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What causes four seasons?

In a year Earth shows four seasons, namely Winter, Summer, Spring and Autumn or Fall. The ecologists mostly use a six season model for temperate climate regions that includes pre–spring and late–summer as distinct seasons along with the other traditional four seasons.

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Navy Seals

Seals (mostly the California sea lion) are used in the US Navy, including detecting underwater landmines and equipment recovery. Sea lions can be highly useful as they can reach places inaccessible to human divers. They can dive to 1,000 feet (304.8 m) and swim silently and up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) in short bursts.

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Anatomy of seals

Seals are warm–blooded animals i.e, their body temperature remains constant regardless of the outside temperature. All seals have a layer of blubber under the skin that acts as an insulator against the cold. Sea lions, which are generally found in warmer climates than other seals, have little additional protection.

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Seals

Seals make the taxonomic group of animals called the Pinnipeds. seals are meat–eating mammals found in all oceans of the world, but most abundant in Arctic and Antarctic waters. Some seals swim up rivers, and a few are found only in freshwater lakes. Probably the best–known seal species is the Californian sea lion, which is often trained to perform tricks. It is the species most often found in zoos.

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Types of Artificial Satellites

There are six different types of artificial satellites:
i) communication
ii) resource
iii) scientific
iv) navigation
v) military.

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Basics of Satellites

There are many kinds of satellites and many ways of building a satellite. Most satellites have similar parts, however. These parts include (1) radios to talk to people on earth; (2) rockets to move the satellite in space; (3) batteries to supply energy; and (4) computers to control the satellite. Some satellites also have cameras to take pictures from space.

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Satellites

A satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path (orbit). The moon is Earth's original, natural satellite, and there are many man-made (artificial) satellites, usually closer to Earth. Thousands of artificial satellites orbit Earth. Although anything that is in orbit around Earth is technically a satellite, the term “satellite” is typically used to describe a useful object placed in orbit purposely to perform some specific mission or task.

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What are the dissolved nutrients in sea water?

The Nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) are important for the plant growth. The level of dissolved nutrients increases from animal feces and decomposition (bacteria, fungi). Surface water often may be lacking in nutrients because feces and dead matter tend to settle to the bottom of the ocean. Most decomposition is thus at the bottom of the ocean.

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What are the dissolved gases in the sea water?

Carbon dioxide and Oxygen get dissolved to a certain extent in water. The Marine organisms uses the dissolved oxygen for respiration. The dissolved carbon dioxide is what marine plants use for the photosynthesis.

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Where can be the saltiest water found on Earth?

The saltiest water occurs in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, where rates of evaporation are very high. Of the major oceans, the North Atlantic is the saltiest and within the North Atlantic, the saltiest part is the Sargasso Sea, an area of about 2 million square miles, located about 2,000 miles west of the Canary Islands.

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If the fresh water flows out to the sea, then how come the sea water is salty?

All the rivers that carry fresh water empty themselves into the sea (or) ocean, but the oceans contain only salt water. This is due to several influences that occur naturally. The first formation of seas must have less salt concentration but as the time passed the rains broke the rocks and transferred all the rocky minerals to sea, making it more saltier.

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What are the sources of salts?

As water flows in rivers, it picks up small amounts of mineral salts from the rocks and soil of the river beds. This very–slightly salty water flows into the oceans and seas. The water in the oceans only leaves by evaporating (and the freezing of polar ice), but the salt remains dissolved in the ocean – it does not evaporate. So the remaining water gets saltier and saltier as time passes.

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